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Space warfare is combat that takes place in outer space, i.e. outside the atmosphere. Space warfare therefore includes ''ground-to-space warfare'', such as attacking satellites from the Earth, as well as ''space-to-space warfare'', such as satellites attacking satellites. It does not include the use of satellites for espionage, surveillance, or military communications. It does not technically include ''space-to-ground warfare'', where orbital objects attack ground, sea or air targets directly, but the public and media frequently use the term to include any conflict which includes space as a theater of operations, regardless of the intended target. For example, one might describe a rapid-delivery system in which troops are deployed from orbit as "space warfare", even though the US military uses the term as described above. In the early 1960s the U.S. military produced a film called ''Space and National Security'' which depicted space warfare.〔 (PBS Nova Program "Astrospies" , Broadcast February 12, 2008. ) 〕 From 1985 to 2002 there was a United States Space Command, which in 2002 merged with the United States Strategic Command. There was a Russian Space Force, established on August 10, 1992, which became an independent section of the Russian military on June 1, 2001, and was ultimately replaced by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces starting December 1, 2011. Only a few incidents of space warfare have occurred in world history, and all involved training missions, as opposed to actions against real opposing forces. In the mid-1980s a USAF pilot in an F-15 successfully shot down the P78-1, a communications satellite in a 345-mile (555 km) orbit. In 2007 China used a missile system to destroy one of its obsolete satellites (see 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test), and in 2008 the United States similarly destroyed its malfunctioning satellite USA-193. there have been no human casualties resulting from conflict in space. International treaties governing space limit or regulate conflicts in space and limit the installation of weapon systems, especially nuclear weapons. == History == Early efforts to conduct space warfare were directed at space-to-space warfare, as ground-to-space systems were considered to be too slow and too isolated by Earth's atmosphere and gravity to be effective. The history of active space warfare development goes back to the 1960s when the Soviet Union began the Almaz project, a project designed to give them the ability to do on-orbit inspections of satellites and destroy them if needed. Similar planning in the United States took the form of the Blue Gemini project, which consisted of modified Gemini capsules that would be able to deploy weapons and perform surveillance. One early test of electronic space warfare, the so-called Starfish Prime test, took place in 1962, when the United States exploded a ground-launched nuclear weapon in space to test the effects of an electromagnetic pulse. The result was a deactivation of many then-orbiting satellites, both American and Soviet. The deleterious and unfocused effects of the EMP test led to the banning of nuclear weapons in space in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. (See High altitude nuclear explosion.) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Space warfare」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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